The house of wisdom

The place of intelligence The House of Wisdom Contextual analysis: Al-Khwarizmi. Abu Jafar Al-Mansur was playing it safe with his new magnificent capital, Baghdad, for this was to be a city like no other. The second Abbasid caliph of the Muslims requested his modelers to stamp the design of the dividers of his proposed city, an ideal hover, with regards to the geometric lessons of the caliphs cherished Euclid, the incomparable Greek mathematician who lived in the fourth and third hundreds of years B.C, and was spent significant time in geometry (Hayhurst). Twelve years before work started on the capital, al-Mansurs sibling Saffah finished the oust of the Umayyad administration, which has ascended to control in the Muslim world three decades after the passing of the Prophet Muhammed in 632. Saffah, sent his powers under the Abbasids particular dark pennants to chase down the rest of the individuals from the House of the Umayyads. The main huge figure to get away from alive was Prince Abd al-Rahman, who fled to North Africa before proceeding to set up Western Calip hate in southern Spain. In any case, the triumph of the Abbasids, who discovered it politically conceivable to proclaim their immediate ancestry to the Prophet through his fatherly uncle Abbas, was less a blood contest between a maturing tradition and an aspiring actor that it was a broad social upset all through the Islamic grounds. Al-Mansurs youthful court was for all intents and purposes encompassed by built up focuses of Christian, Persian, and agnostic learning; then again, he needed to go searching for one significant component of what may be called Abbasid scholarly approach. At the caliphs greeting, an Indian academic designation talented in the developments of the beginnings showed up in Baghdad bearing Hindu logical writings, a significant hopping off point for early Arab stargazing and science. The Hindu sages saw how to fathom conditions dependent on trigonometric sine work and had contrived shrewd approaches to foresee shrouds. The caliph requested an official interpretation of the Hindu material into Arabic, some portion of an undeniably composed exertion to retain Persian and Indian information. This equivalent methodology, joined by much unique exploration was soon thereafter applied with the antiquated learning of the Greeks (Lyons). The Umayyads laid the foundation for logical request, yet a lot of their initial spotlight was on inquiries of Islamic law and the act of medication, a field wherein they, similar to their replacements, depended intensely on Christian doctors from Syria and Persia. The Abbasid caliphs delibrately pushed back these limits to make more space for the investigation of both way of thinking and the hard sciences. As indicated by the Arab student of history Said al-Andalusi, who kicked the bucket in 1070, a great part of the credit for this goes to the author of Baghdad:There was a flood in soul and an enlivening in insight. The first of this administration to develop science was the subsequent caliph, Abu Jafar al-Mansur. He was, notwithstanding his significant information on rationale and law, exceptionally intrigued by theory and observational stargazing; he was enamored with both and of the individuals who worked in these fields (Lyons). Another recorder takes note of that the caliph co ordinated various remote interpretations into Arabic, including exemplary works of Hindu, Persian, and Greek researchers, and set the bearing for future exploration. Once possessing these books, the open read and examined them ardently. (Lyons) To have the tremendous size of work expected to consider, decipher, and store the enormous volume of Persian and Greek writings, al-Mansur set up an imperial library displayed after those of the incomparable Persian rulers. Working space, authoritative help, along with monetary help were additionally required for the little armed force of researchers who take up these errands and afterward expand on them in innovative and unique manners. This was the cause of what got known as Bayt al Hikma or the House of Wisdom the aggregate institutional and royal articulation of early Abbasid scholarly aspiration and authority state strategy. Extra time, the House of Wisdom came to include an interpretation department, a library and book storehouse, and a foundation of researchers and intelligent people from over the realm. Its superseding capacity, in any case, was the shielding on important information, a reality reflected in different terms applied on occasion by Middle Easterner students of h istory to depict the undertaking, for example, the Treasury of the Books of Wisdom or basically the Treasury of Wisdom. Specialists subsidiary with the magnificent establishment staffed the caliphs observatory too and participated in logical trials at his order. In any case, the House of Wisdom likewise assumed a significant job in the development of Abbasid artistic works (Lyons). Huge totals of open assets were committed to the House of Wisdom and related ventures of social and scholarly improvement. Indeed, even discretion and once in a while war, was tackled to the drive for more noteworthy information. Abbasid appointments to the opponent Byzantine court frequently passed on demands for duplicates of important Greek writings, effectively making sure about works by Plato, Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen, and Euclid; a duplicate of Ptolemys cosmic gem before long got renowned among the Arabs. The persuasive ninth-century researcher and interpreter Hunaun ibn Ishaq gives a sample of the length to which the Arab sages would go to acquire essential material, for this situation a missing clinical composition: I myself looked with extraordinary enthusiasm in journey of this book over Mesopotamia, the entirety of Syria, Palestine and Egypt, until I came to Alexandria. I didn't discover anything, with the exception of about portion of it, in Damascus (Lyons). The caliphs and their authorities were by all account not the only ones behind this crusade. The exertion turned into a fundamental element of the Abbasid society itself and was bolstered eagerly by the social and political first class, from high conceived sovereigns to vendors, brokers, and military officials. Indeed, even the mistresses of the caliphs were known once in a while to contract with researchers for particular interpretations. A previous thief and beloved companion of Caliph al-Mamun, the seventh Abbasid ruler, transformed his own office for crystal gazing into huge political influence and riches; he later fathered three kids, known as the Sons of Musa, every one of whom did unique examination in space science, arithmetic, and designing and liberally supported different researchers and interpreters. Grants and other scholarly exercises turned into a significant methods for social progression, further separating what survived from the Arabs conventional chain of command. They additionally empowered rivalry for support among researchers from various conventions, basically Arab and Persian, a wonder that guaranteed that top notch logical and abstract work would be done for quite a long time. The most gifted interpreter could procure enormous wholes of their work one was presumed to have been paid the heaviness of each finished original copy in gold or ascend to high office on the quality of their scholarly achievements. Without this institutional help, the significant gifts of the assorted researchers now under Abbasid rule could never have joined into an incredible scholarly development. Through the span of 150 years, the Arabs deciphered all accessible Greek books of science and theory. Arabic supplanted Greek as the widespread language of logical request. Advanced education turned out to be progressively sorted out in the early ninth century, and most significant Muslim urban areas highlighted some kind of college. One such foundation, al-Azhar mosque complex in Cairo, has been the seat of continuous guidance for more than one thousand years. Researchers ventured out significant stretches to concentrate with the most commended experts, spotted all through the domain. Travel, and the going with presentation to new encounters and better approaches for deduction, was a significant component of a researchers training in a general public that held incredible adoration for the verbally expressed word; other than eye to eye, by what other means could an educated man meet his associates and gather and discussion their thoughts? Nobody accomplished more to propel the most recent patterns and afterward clarify and promote the outcomes than the mathematician and space expert Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi. Conceived around 783, al-Khwarizmi had the option to exploit the social versatility and scholarly meritocracy that described early Abbasid insightful life in Baghdad. Little is known about his careful roots, despite the fact that his name recommends that he or his family initially originated from Khwarazm. Al-Khwarizmis Muslim confidence is clarified by the devout introductions to a portion of his works, yet his relatives may have been Zoroastrians. Al-Khwarizmis long stretches of most noteworthy efficiency related with the rules of the Abbasid caliph Al-Mamun and his two replacements Al-Mutasem and Al-Wathiq. As an unmistakable analyst joined to al-Mamuns House of Wisdom, al-Khwarizmi proceeded to achieve uncommon statures in such teaches as space science, number juggling, and polynomial math. He was consid ered at the leader of the foundation (Sayili). Al-Khwarizmi is known to be the writer of the zij, a book containing cosmic tables. His initial two tables were known as the Sindhind. The zij furnished the Muslims with all the instruments expected to find the places of the sun, the moon, and the five noticeable planets. The zij was utilized generally to direct the five every day supplications and to check the sickle moon which decides the beginning of the lunar month. Al-Khwarizmis Arabic content has been lost, yet it makes due in twelfth century Latin interpretation. There exists the evidence that the supposed Arabic numerals were passed on toward the West. For Muslims, The Book of Addition and Subtraction clarified completely a framework that was at that point in some utilization by the early ninth century, and inside somewhat more than 100 years it had prompted the revelation of decimal portions. As a matter of fact, the book was known as the Book of Addition and Subtraction to the Hindu Calculations, and this uncovers Muslims w ere available to numerous human advancements and they assembled their insight upon more established developments and logical revelations. The Indians we

Crimonal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crimonal law - Essay Example This free trade of word and articulation was perceived by our fore dads as one of our basic rights. They perceived, each one of those years prior, the significance of securing Freedom of Speech and Expression. The significance of Free Speech has not reduced, and it isn't for any individual substance to restrain any citizen’s option to communicate calmly spare by changing the Constitution itself. That being said let us go to the current case. After perusing the conditions encompassing the situation gave I concluded that I would assess the benefits of the case dependent on the point of view of that of a resistance lawyer. In evaluating the case gave, the basic inquiry that should be tended to is: Did the litigant for this situation violate any law? The prosecution’s whole case depends on the litigant being captured for being an open annoyance and causing injury, albeit in a roundabout way, to Gloria Trek. The state’s whole case lays on the legality of the open aggravation sculpture and whether it encroaches on the defendant’s option to free discourse, which I will demonstrate it does. Title 46 of the Florida Criminal Statues 823.01 which characterizes Nuisances states â€Å"All aggravations which will in general irritate the network or harm the wellbeing of the residents by and large, or to degenerate the open ethics, are wrongdoings of the subsequent degree, culpable as gave in s. 775.083, then again, actually an infringement of s. 823.10 is a lawful offense of the third degree.† (Public Nuisance, 2000, n.p.) This resolution is exceptionally ambiguous in nature and is by this very vagueness subject to wide translation with respect to what comprises being ‘annoying’. The expressing of the rule thusly takes into account to an extreme degree a lot of optional force by singular law authorization officials in choosing when and whom to capture which brings into question the equivalent implementation of the law and the oppressive

Biblical Judaism essays

Scriptural Judaism articles The Hasmonean line can be viewed as a defining moment throughout the entire existence of the scriptural Jewish old state. It spoke to the time in history that stamped two significant minutes in the Jewish culture: from one viewpoint, the finish of the Maccabean Wars, and then again, the beginning of the Roman standard over Palestine. The most significant commitment of the rule of the Hasmonean tradition was the time of advancement for the Jewish individuals. One of the most obvious changes that occurred at the time was the regional extension of the state. In this sense, The approach of victory did by the Hasmoneans prompted a significant development of Jewish region, accomplished by ejection and dispossession of non-Jewish populace gatherings. On a basic level, these new regions turned into the property of the ruler, that is, the authoritative family, similarly just like the case under the Hellenistic governments (Schfer, 2003). Starting here of view it tends to be said that the administration assumed a significant job in setting up the Jews as a unitary gathering on an unmistakable domain. Another significant pretended by the administration was in the production of a standing armed force of the Jewish state. With the utilization of soldiers of fortune as a major aspect of their military, this permitted them to be in better control of their property and region, both to shield him from outside dangers, just as to keep up its solidarity notwithstanding interior dangers. Additionally during the Hasmonean Dynasty, the political scene changed as the Pharisees turned into a consistently expanding power. Along these lines, while under Alexander Jannaeus, the Pharisees were exposed to out and out mistreatment, under Jannaeus' replacement, Salome Alexandra, they obviously rose to turn into the prevailing party in the state (Schfer, 2003). A short time later, new gatherings, that of the Zealots additionally rose. Be that as it may, the beginning for a specific kind of political life turned out to be completely noticeable during the Harmonean Dynasty and starting here of view, it speaks to one of t... <!

Capitalism is a Force for Social Progress Essay - 1650 Words

Capitalism is a Force for Social Progress (Essay Sample) Content: CAPITALISM IS A FORCE FOR SOCIAL PROGRESS Capitalism best describes the contemporary economic and political systems in the world. These systems are characterized by private enterprise; that is a countrys economy is controlled by individuals whose aim is to make profits. Such private enterprise can only thrive where government policies promote the idea of a free market so as to tap into the markets beyond a countrys border (Dicken).Progress is the process of advancing. In the context of capitalism, progress is observed as individuals, corporations, and states competitively try to outdo one another with motive of increasing their earnings or wealth. The progress is seen in both the economic sector (free market) and political sector (good governance). So as to be more competitive, governments have embraced innovation in production and distribution of its home products. The result is an improvement in technology, better transport systems and free market structures that encourage private investment. All progressive changes brought by capitalism ultimately influence the social lives of people, in this case improving the living standards. However, the reality is that capitalism has enhanced social divisions; those who have and those who do not have. The society we live in today is defined by capitalism, the two are inseparable and work hand in hand. To better understand how this came to happen, it is important to revisit the working mechanism of capitalism, its history and how its development has impacted on the society. According to Marx, the capitalist system is marked by the disconnection of the processes of production and consumption. In the pre-capitalist era, production was driven by immediate consumption. However, under capitalism, production of goods is driven by the need to sell and make a profit. Therefore, a tendency to produce more than the market consumed emerges. Stiff competition among producers creates a pressure to increase productio n since mass production reduces costs, lowers prices and increases the market share. Overproduction crisis eventually emerges when the volume of goods produced exceeds the market demand; prices begin to fall to a level that profits cannot be generated. The production industry is the one that is immediately hit, but the after-effects eventually spread the crisis. For instance, investment in production will decline and directly hit the companies that manufacture machinery. Workers are then laid off, or their salaries reduced, further reducing consumer demand. The vicious circles created leads to bankruptcies, closures, and increased unemployment. Eventually, mass unemployment creates a social crisis. As a result, investors will lose their businesses, and people will experience suffering out of unemployment. However, capitalism does not end there. In fact, Marx asserts that the crisis itself fuels capitalism (Fulcher). The crisis removes the pressure to overproduce, forces the less ef ficient entrepreneurs out of business and eventually production parries with the level of consumer demand. In that sense, low cost of labor (lower wages and salaries) increases profitability. Consumer demand will increase when commodities were sold at a cheaper price. Investment would increase because of lower interest rates on loans. Eventually, production will increase again; more people will get jobs and make more money to spend on produced goods. The good thing about the capitalist cycle is the fact that periods of economic slumps never got rid of the economic value that had been gained during the boom. In fact, after a slump, the economy would continue its growth from a better level than at the beginning of the previous cycle. The reality is that people witnessed continuing progress and creation of more wealth even though it was unequally distributed between the capitalist class and the working class (Gamble). However, this calls for the analysis of the effects that capitalism has on the contemporary society. Capitalism is defined by two important aspects; that is, market exchange and private property. Both aspects are the result of a gradual historical change created and molded by the previous generations (Cammack). As such, the word capitalism is used to describe more or less the social system we live in today. Most important is the way capitalism has progressed and advanced from the previous marginalized societies to the current globalized ones. There are two main effects synonymous with capitalism that tend to affect societal setting. They include global financial and economic crises and economic growth alongside the widening inequality. According to Fulcher crises witnessed with the advent of capitalism are not exceptional events but an integral element of the functioning of a capitalist society. There are similarities between the crisis mechanism of today and the ones that appeared centuries earlier. Fulcher supports this claim by tracing capitalism crises back to the 17th century. Tulipomania was the tulip bubble that happened in the Amsterdam in 17th century. When tulips arrived in Holland from Turkey, they become highly prized. The high demand and scarce supply played a role in rising price of tulips, and consequently many people were attracted to invest in growing of tulips because of its profitability. The supply of tulips grew, and merchants made huge profits and reinvested their earnings in growing even more tulips. The trend continued until the supply of tulips in the market surpassed its demand. As such prices drastically dropped, bursting the tulip bubble (Fulcher). Even though tulip traders in Holland suffered serious economic losses, the national economy was not affected much because there was no sufficient integration across the economic spectrum to channel the effects of one crisis to the whole economy. It is the growth of capitalist production that created links that enabled such crisis to affect the whole econo my. The Great Depression of 1930s started in the United States, due to a sudden fall in stock prices that would eventually crash the global economy. In particular, no country was spared from its effects as international trade dropped by 50%. For instance, the unemployment rate in US hit 25% and in a few countries climbed up to 33%. Countries that their economies relied on heavy industry were hit hard because construction virtually halted. Those that dependent of farming were not spared either as crop prices dropped by nearly 60%. However, by 1935 some economies began to recover. The return to normalcy was a requisite recipe for the 1970s stagflation that followed. During the stagflation, the rising cost of oil prices raised the cost of production slowing economic growth. Unemployment rates climbed again. Finally, the recent 2007/2008 global financial crisis points again at the dynamism of capitalism (Gamble). Capitalism is a system that has spread its roots to every country in the w orld (Hurrell). Under the capitalist system, the production and distribution of goods and services are constrained to a small group of people( capitalist class).The majority of people offer their labor in exchange for wage or salary (working class).The working class is employed to produce goods and services that the capitalist class sells for a profit. The profit can be attained because the cost of acquiring labor in the market is much below selling price of the merchandises in the market. The resulting scenario is that of the capitalist class exploiting the working class. In the current globalized society, this exploitation is evident on economic ties of developed and developing nations. The industrialized nations are the ones that take the role of production while the developing nations provide labor and raw materials (Guimarà £es). The ensuing inequality among countries and individuals is as a result of three changes in the global economy that happened at the end of the 20th ce ntury. The first is the deliberate efforts by the most industrialized nations (UK and USA) to promote equality in the form of neoliberal reforms, witnessed in 1970s.The second change was the formation of a truly global capitalist economy influenced by the rise of Asian economies (Japan, Korea, India and China) and re-emergence of market economies in Eastern Europe and Russia after 1989.The final was the synchronized promotion of competition and openness by the international institutions and ... Capitalism is a Force for Social Progress Essay - 1650 Words Capitalism is a Force for Social Progress (Essay Sample) Content: CAPITALISM IS A FORCE FOR SOCIAL PROGRESS Capitalism best describes the contemporary economic and political systems in the world. These systems are characterized by private enterprise; that is a countrys economy is controlled by individuals whose aim is to make profits. Such private enterprise can only thrive where government policies promote the idea of a free market so as to tap into the markets beyond a countrys border (Dicken).Progress is the process of advancing. In the context of capitalism, progress is observed as individuals, corporations, and states competitively try to outdo one another with motive of increasing their earnings or wealth. The progress is seen in both the economic sector (free market) and political sector (good governance). So as to be more competitive, governments have embraced innovation in production and distribution of its home products. The result is an improvement in technology, better transport systems and free market structures that encourage private investment. All progressive changes brought by capitalism ultimately influence the social lives of people, in this case improving the living standards. However, the reality is that capitalism has enhanced social divisions; those who have and those who do not have. The society we live in today is defined by capitalism, the two are inseparable and work hand in hand. To better understand how this came to happen, it is important to revisit the working mechanism of capitalism, its history and how its development has impacted on the society. According to Marx, the capitalist system is marked by the disconnection of the processes of production and consumption. In the pre-capitalist era, production was driven by immediate consumption. However, under capitalism, production of goods is driven by the need to sell and make a profit. Therefore, a tendency to produce more than the market consumed emerges. Stiff competition among producers creates a pressure to increase productio n since mass production reduces costs, lowers prices and increases the market share. Overproduction crisis eventually emerges when the volume of goods produced exceeds the market demand; prices begin to fall to a level that profits cannot be generated. The production industry is the one that is immediately hit, but the after-effects eventually spread the crisis. For instance, investment in production will decline and directly hit the companies that manufacture machinery. Workers are then laid off, or their salaries reduced, further reducing consumer demand. The vicious circles created leads to bankruptcies, closures, and increased unemployment. Eventually, mass unemployment creates a social crisis. As a result, investors will lose their businesses, and people will experience suffering out of unemployment. However, capitalism does not end there. In fact, Marx asserts that the crisis itself fuels capitalism (Fulcher). The crisis removes the pressure to overproduce, forces the less ef ficient entrepreneurs out of business and eventually production parries with the level of consumer demand. In that sense, low cost of labor (lower wages and salaries) increases profitability. Consumer demand will increase when commodities were sold at a cheaper price. Investment would increase because of lower interest rates on loans. Eventually, production will increase again; more people will get jobs and make more money to spend on produced goods. The good thing about the capitalist cycle is the fact that periods of economic slumps never got rid of the economic value that had been gained during the boom. In fact, after a slump, the economy would continue its growth from a better level than at the beginning of the previous cycle. The reality is that people witnessed continuing progress and creation of more wealth even though it was unequally distributed between the capitalist class and the working class (Gamble). However, this calls for the analysis of the effects that capitalism has on the contemporary society. Capitalism is defined by two important aspects; that is, market exchange and private property. Both aspects are the result of a gradual historical change created and molded by the previous generations (Cammack). As such, the word capitalism is used to describe more or less the social system we live in today. Most important is the way capitalism has progressed and advanced from the previous marginalized societies to the current globalized ones. There are two main effects synonymous with capitalism that tend to affect societal setting. They include global financial and economic crises and economic growth alongside the widening inequality. According to Fulcher crises witnessed with the advent of capitalism are not exceptional events but an integral element of the functioning of a capitalist society. There are similarities between the crisis mechanism of today and the ones that appeared centuries earlier. Fulcher supports this claim by tracing capitalism crises back to the 17th century. Tulipomania was the tulip bubble that happened in the Amsterdam in 17th century. When tulips arrived in Holland from Turkey, they become highly prized. The high demand and scarce supply played a role in rising price of tulips, and consequently many people were attracted to invest in growing of tulips because of its profitability. The supply of tulips grew, and merchants made huge profits and reinvested their earnings in growing even more tulips. The trend continued until the supply of tulips in the market surpassed its demand. As such prices drastically dropped, bursting the tulip bubble (Fulcher). Even though tulip traders in Holland suffered serious economic losses, the national economy was not affected much because there was no sufficient integration across the economic spectrum to channel the effects of one crisis to the whole economy. It is the growth of capitalist production that created links that enabled such crisis to affect the whole econo my. The Great Depression of 1930s started in the United States, due to a sudden fall in stock prices that would eventually crash the global economy. In particular, no country was spared from its effects as international trade dropped by 50%. For instance, the unemployment rate in US hit 25% and in a few countries climbed up to 33%. Countries that their economies relied on heavy industry were hit hard because construction virtually halted. Those that dependent of farming were not spared either as crop prices dropped by nearly 60%. However, by 1935 some economies began to recover. The return to normalcy was a requisite recipe for the 1970s stagflation that followed. During the stagflation, the rising cost of oil prices raised the cost of production slowing economic growth. Unemployment rates climbed again. Finally, the recent 2007/2008 global financial crisis points again at the dynamism of capitalism (Gamble). Capitalism is a system that has spread its roots to every country in the w orld (Hurrell). Under the capitalist system, the production and distribution of goods and services are constrained to a small group of people( capitalist class).The majority of people offer their labor in exchange for wage or salary (working class).The working class is employed to produce goods and services that the capitalist class sells for a profit. The profit can be attained because the cost of acquiring labor in the market is much below selling price of the merchandises in the market. The resulting scenario is that of the capitalist class exploiting the working class. In the current globalized society, this exploitation is evident on economic ties of developed and developing nations. The industrialized nations are the ones that take the role of production while the developing nations provide labor and raw materials (Guimarà £es). The ensuing inequality among countries and individuals is as a result of three changes in the global economy that happened at the end of the 20th ce ntury. The first is the deliberate efforts by the most industrialized nations (UK and USA) to promote equality in the form of neoliberal reforms, witnessed in 1970s.The second change was the formation of a truly global capitalist economy influenced by the rise of Asian economies (Japan, Korea, India and China) and re-emergence of market economies in Eastern Europe and Russia after 1989.The final was the synchronized promotion of competition and openness by the international institutions and ...

An Autobiography of a Columbia University Student,...

â€Å"Theme for English B† at surface value is the autobiography of a well-educated, twenty-two year old college student at Columbia University. This autobiography is in response to an assignment given by the student’s professor. The assignment provides a way for the speaker to address his feelings to his classmates about the unjust treatment he receives at school. This young man is African-American and although his references to his race could be taken as basic facts about himself, they mirror his struggles with the racism, inequality, and feelings of inadequacy he deals with. The poem’s author, Langston Hughes, uses his personal experiences from his childhood, his time spent in Harlem, and his time at Columbia University to create the main†¦show more content†¦When Hughes was in first grade he was the only ‘colored’ student at his school. During that time, his teachers and classmates treated him as an outcast and treated him as inferior t o them. (Lonely 2). The speaker does not show any obvious signs of loneliness but it is probable that given Hughes’ experiences, the speaker also deals with loneliness and isolation due to the other students treating him differently because of his outward appearances rather than trying to connect with him on a deeper level. Although not specifically mentioned in the poem, this poem could be a way for the speaker to reach out to his peers. He mentions his likes, all similar to people of both his race and the opposite race and seems to beg for acceptance from his classmates. Along with struggling with his race, the speaker also mentions difficulties in finding his identity. This is much like Hughes, who because he grew up in schools that were mainly white students, felt as if he did not connect with his fellow African-Americans. In lines twenty-five through twenty-nine, the speaker struggles with whether his race will influence his paper being considered ‘white’ or ‘colored’ when read by his peers. He believes that because he enjoys similar things to what white people enjoy and because his audience is also white, his paper will be a mixture of the two cultures. Hughes also faced this problem with his writings because although he hadShow MoreRelatedLiterature And The English Literature Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition for English literature, the best descriptive information would be that it’s impression and format is over one hundred years old, and continues to be one of the most common studied forms of art, as f ar as written, studied in high schools and universities around the world. English literature is basically the study of literature that has been written in the English language. This form of literature expands past the most common American language and dates back to the Shakespearean and RenaissanceRead MoreAnalysis Of Langston Hughes s Poem Harlem Sweeties 2195 Words   |  9 Pages From â€Å"Mother to Son† to â€Å"Harlem Sweeties†, Langston Hughes uses various themes and poetic structures within his writing. Hughes writing style consisted of the black pride and strength of the black community that would later be considered as the â€Å"driving force† behind The Harlem Renaissance. His poems and short stories seemed to evoke a feeling of hopefulness, pride and self- realization. He wrote song lyrics, essays, autobiographies and plays however, his multi-dimensional style of writing consistedRead MoreLangston Hughes Research Paper25309 Words   |  102 PagesIn 1919, when Langston Hughes was seventeen years old, he spent the summer with his father, Jim Hughes, in Toluca, Mexico. 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Those long winter nightsRead MoreAfrican American Writer and Folklorist, Zora Neale Hurston 674 Words   |  3 Pageshigh school, she enrolled Howard university and built her writing careers. In 1925, she transferred to Barnard University in New York City and studied anthropology with Franz Boas and Margaret Mead who are famous anthropologists. She was the only black student. In that time, Harlem Reniassnace was peak. She visited Harlem to research black life. During this time, her several short stories were published and she met some young black artists such as Langston Hughes and Wallace Thurman. They calledRead More Zora Neale Hurston - Celebrating the Culture of Black Americans2152 Words   |  9 PagesAfter Morgan, Hurston went on to receive her associates degree from Howard University, the institution she proudly called â€Å"the capstone of Negro education in the world† (Witcover 42). â€Å"Zora funded her education at Howard University by working as a maid and manicurist. Zora’s work as a maid for wealthy Black families in the city and as a manicurist in a Washington D.C. proved to be as educational as Howard University† (Zora Neale Hurston-The School District of Palm Beach County, FloridaRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 Pagesfulfilling such a responsibility less daunting than ever. Invaluable references, including Darlene Clark Hine, ed. Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004); Evelyn Brooks Higgingbotham, ed., Harvard Guide to African American History (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001); Arvarh E. Strickland and Robert E. Weems, Jr., eds., The African American Experience: An Historiographical and Bibliographical Guide (Westport: Greenwood Press, 2001); and

Management Strategies and Social Responsiveness †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Management Strategies and Social Responsiveness. Answer: Introduction The aim of the assignment is to analyse the energy company called Enron established in Houston Texas. The key components of the report include discussion of the companys failure towards its stakeholders with a brief discussion on the infamous Enrons scandal. Further report identifies and analyses the organisational behaviour factors that contributed to the failure followed by the SWOT analysis of the company. The report highlights the strength and he weakness of the company and analyses the opportunities and threats. The remedial response taken by the company to address the failure is discussed briefly and strategies to overcome such failure is recommended. Ken Lay created Enron in 1986, an energy company established in Houston Texas. Within ten years of span, it was recognised as seventh largest company in Texas. The company was involved in transmission and distribution of the power. The crucial factor that led to the failure of the company towards its stakeholders is the unethical leadership. The leadership issues for the purpose of gaining prosperity made the company bankrupt. It effected all the stakeholders of the company including the investors, creditors, thousands of employees, senior executives, suppliers, clients, shareholders, community and the government (Prebble 2016). Description of the event The company failed to cope up with the internal and external situation due to lack of competency and ethical leadership. The managing directors of the company were driven by the goal of profit maximisation and Jeffrey Skilling employed the narcissistic leadership. It is the destructive leadership where the subordinates and the employees were dominated for selfish motto of the organisation. The top executives of the company breached the code of conduct (Broni et al. 2017). The company started with the innovative idea of buying electricity from different companies and selling it to individual customers while charging everyone along the way. This ground breaking idea generated enormous profit and led to competitive environment. The company focused on share price tactics obsessively. It purchased the electricity and deliberately shut down the power plant in California due to increase in value of the power outages. Major cash drain occurred due to excessive compensation plan. The company misled the investors and the creditors with false financial information. Enron manipulated the energy market, and earned money at the immense cost of others. The firm projected itself as highly profitable, growing company. This later turned out to be a negative popularity as analysing the companys financial statements showed massive debts that were concealed in a manner to show profits. However, the auditors did not perform their duty well and failed to highlight the red f lags. After the performance evaluation, the lowest portion of the employees was fired without consideration (Dibra 2016). It had impacted the stakeholders of the company financially and emotionally. Other financial firms, banking, insurances and brokerages were drawn into the legal battles. Organisational behaviour (OB) refers to the behaviour of leaders and the employees in the work that differs from that in social setting and effects the management in the organization. A companys success is determined by the organisational behavioural factors such as culture, change management, motivation, and decision making (Hosseini and Mahesh 2016). In this context the OB factors that contributed to the Enrons scandal and failure towards stakeholders are- unethical leadership, dominating culture, inappropriate decision making-authority and poor management controls that led to faulty corporate governance structure (Stahl et al. 2016). Analyse the identified OB factors According to Broni et al. (2017), the employees are likely to act ethically if the managers and the executives of the company lead in ethical direction. Enron did not maintain the ethical standards that resulted in the breakdown of the corporate governance and culture. The autocratic and dominative leadership created a pessimistic culture where the leaders demanded only conformity. The leaders focused on profit-making, obsessed with the bottom line and penalised employees for dissent (Markham 2015). Therefore the employees too accepted the unethical acts in daily duties due to cutthroat competition. Employees did not report the harsh organisational behaviour for fearing of losing jobs and considered the leadership trait of integrity as non-factor (Meymandi et al. 2015). Employees are motivated with rewards that are fair and equitable. The auditors did not honesty disclose the financial statements of Enron. These employees completely lost the integrity to speak the truth as they were rewarded for obeying dishonest rules in Enron ad focusing on profit. In order to know the massive debts and real financial situation of Enron one of the important group member Andrew Fastow, gave external motivation to the employees (Tan and Yeo 2013). The poor cooperate governance in the Enron was attributed to egoism or self interest of the top executives. These leaders put their own interests above those of their employees, and public. The company failed to shoulder responsibilities for unethical events. According to Friedman and Gerstein (2017), a companys culture can be influenced positively if the managers are clear about the vision and values and practicing them on a daily basis. This aspect was lacking in Enron and is evident from the lack of transparency in financial accounting. Innovation and creativity in the organisation is simulated by informed risk taking. This proves requires robust, effective communication between employee and executives. In any organisation, the decision-makers should have adequate experience and information for delegation of decision-making authority (Shapiro and Stefkovich 2016). In case of inappropriate delegation of decision was observed as the company radically shifted to new risk-taking business areas without having risk managing skills. At higher level the new risk-taking financial schemes lacked a certain degree of control. It was found that the chief financial officer of the company operated without professional accounting qualification. In acc ounting system the performance evaluation revealed five types of manipulations. There was no information sharing with employees (Breevaart et al. 2014). This internal mechanism that is playing the decisive role indicates poor corporate governance. SWOT of Enron SWOT analysis is the useful tool to determine the strength and weakness of the company, the opportunities and threats. It can be defined as a systematic model that gives direction to develop the market plan. SWOT indicates what an organisation can do and cannot do, the favourable conditions available for success (Alleyne 2016.). The SWOT of Enron is presented below Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats Marketing and value delivery Human capital pool Innovative company During failure the weaknesses observed are- Failed board of directors Conflicts of interests Unethical practices Corporate culture The innovative strategies of Enron provided many favourable conditions- Supply of high quality energy Clean energy Business merger and acquisition Market development in Asian countries Threats due to global environment and the external business are- Increase in competition Regulation Subprime Mortgage crisis Terrorist threats Analyse the companys strength and weaknesses Enron met the needs of the clients and the customers by robust marketing strategies. It was successful in delivering the customer value at profit which was strength of the company. According to Khan (2017) human capital is the factor that determines the success of the company. Enron was using experienced skill set that has helped it to manipulate the accountings and the financial statements while manipulating the regulations in the logical way. They recruited pool of workers who intelligently used different accounting standard. This aspect was both positive in terms of profit generation and negative in terms of unethical behaviour. As Enron was involved in five different lines of businesses, the large number of employees was having a big chunk of stocks or shares. Innovative strategies more than following the mundane guidelines make a business successful (Mariani 2017). Shifting to energy trading company from the energy and natural gas transportation was an innovative idea. With the expansion of the business the Enron was gaining more and more financial support from the top most financial institutes (Prebble 2016). According to Markham (2015) it is the role of the board of directors to act through its committee and monitor the business to be ahead of developments both in and out of corporation and address the limitations. In addition to monitoring, the directors should evaluate the decisions of the management, reflect on its influence and actively design an alternate plan. However, Enron failed to take these steps. Enrons board of directors failed to delineate the mission of the organisation and specify to management about the strategic methods. When Enron collapsed, the Sarbanes ACT was already enacted. It was also necessary for a company to adhere to the conflict of interest policy (Broni et al. 2017). Unethical practices of Enron led to conflict of interest. Malfunctioning in accounts department ruined the entire business infrastructure. It led to pessimistic corporate culture. The autocratic leadership in Enron shaped a negative behaviour of the employees that helped in the artwork of the f raud accounting. Analyse the opportunities and threats In the book of the managerial economy the supply is defined as amount of services and good that people sell in a given time at different prices, where other factors remain constant (Armstrong and Taylor 2014.). Enron was a leading business in terms of supply high quality energy. In North America and all over the Europe there was an increase in demand by the economies in need of energy. This gave new opportunities to Enron such as meeting new demands for clean energy. With the reduction of pollution being the main concern in US, Enron had bright opportunity with its franchise policy, innovative culture, online established market, technology and other assets to be a prime contributor of clean and renewable energy (Prebble 2016). The strengths of the company gave it an opportunity to open to merger or acquisition. Enron could use one or more strategy in this aspect to grow due to its experience of merger. According to Abdel-Khalik (2016), a business can go global by market penetration, development of new markets or capture a large portion of existing market by market saturation. If Enron would not have collapsed it had a golden opportunity to tap into the market of India and China using its many options such as joint ventures, franchising, acquisition and licensing. These two countries are emerging as big energy consumers and are in need of energy to keep their industries operational (McLean and Elkind 2013). Since, Enron failed due to unethical practices it is unable to experience the fierce competition by big companies in US that are ready to engulf a large share of the energy market. It is the treat to the company that the other threat includes the new regulation due to the greenhouse gas emission. The national and international regulation as a response to the global warming would have effected Enron in Europe for instance the Kyoto protocol (Markham 2015). There would have been decrease in the companys profit due to recession in economy and foreclosure. It would have also resulted in the decreased consumption of natural gas. The subprime mortgage caused the economic recession and mortgage delinquencies (Hosseini and Mahesh 2016). Terrorist attack on Enron line of business was another major threat that may have affected the initiatives and the investments. Remedial response of company and recommendations The remedial option for Enron was innovation in business expansion to different lines. Business merger and acquisition was other remedial option to prevent the profit decline and fraud practice in accounting. It used its assets for more investment in energy and natural gas transportation, which helped Enron to move towards paper and pulp business, develop energy trading markets and increase is business communications. Further, Enron tried to focus more on the growth strategies such as concentration and diversification. These strategies helped the company to have long term profits in all business lines. As per the literature evidence these strategies were all effective in having successful business (Friedman and Gerstein 2017). However, only due to unethical practice it was unsuccessful. The only strategy for preventing another Enron case is to conduct the business in an ethical manner using the exhaustible human capital and maintaining the innovative character. The board of directors should closely monitor the internal environment of organisation. There is a need of reforming the auditing system that will reduce the possibility of the financial disaster (Adams et al. 2017). Further, Auditors independence is required. It is the cornerstone of the capital market. There is a need for the auditors to objectively assess the accounting and financial statements of the publically traded company. It should not be hampered by the long term partnership established between auditors and firms. Auditors response is effective method and should be under scrutiny by the Public Companies Accounting Oversight Board, that was created by Sarbanes-Oxley Act. It will help reduce the conflict of interest. There is a need of government regulations and rules that needs to be updated on timel y basis and should not be relaxed and eliminated (McLean and Elkind 2013). Conclusion It can be concluded from the above discussion that Enron hit the financial world very drastically. The main cause of failure includes unethical leadership, dominating culture, inappropriate decision making-authority and poor management controls that led to faulty corporate governance structure. It was the biggest corporate bankruptcy. In future such scandal can be prevented by increased regulation and oversight. The only strategy for preventing another Enron case is to conduct the business in an ethical manner using the exhaustible human capital and maintaining the innovative character. There is a need of government regulations and rules that needs to be updated on timely basis and should not be relaxed and eliminated. References Abdel-Khalik, A.R., 2016. How Enron used Accounting for Prepaid Commodity Swaps to Delay Bankruptcy for One Decade: The Shadowy Relationships with Big Banks. Adams, T., Krishnan, J. and Krishnan, J., 2017. Client Influence and Auditor Independence Revisited: Evidence from Auditor Resignations. Alleyne, P., 2016. The influence of organisational commitment and corporate ethical values on non-public accountants whistle-blowing intentions in Barbados.Journal of Applied Accounting Research,17(2), pp.190-210. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Breevaart, K., Bakker, A.B., Hetland, H. and Hetland, H., 2014. The influence of constructive and destructive leadership behaviors on follower burnout. InBurnout at work: A psychological perspective(pp. 102-121). Psychology Press, New York City. Broni, G., Velentzas, J. and Papapanagos, H., 2017. Marketing Ethics and Communication Strategy in the Case of Enron Fraud. InAdvances in Applied Economic Research(pp. 269-278). Springer, Cham. Dibra, R., 2016. Corporate Governance Failure: The Case Of Enron And Parmalat.European Scientific Journal,12(16). Friedman, H.H. and Gerstein, M., 2017. Leading with compassion: the key to changing the organizational culture and achieving success.Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management,5(1). Hosseini, S.B. and Mahesh, R., 2016. THE LESSON FROM ENRON CASE.Journal of Current Research,8(08), pp.37451-37460. Khan, C., 2017. Corporate Governance, Management Strategies and Social Responsiveness.Journal of Management Science, Operations Strategies (e ISSN 2456-9305),1(2), pp.1-6. Mariani, G., 2017.MA and Value Creation: A SWOT analysis. G Giappichelli Editore. Markham, J.W., 2015.A financial history of modern US corporate scandals: From Enron to reform. Routledge. McLean, B. and Elkind, P., 2013.The smartest guys in the room: The amazing rise and scandalous fall of Enron. Penguin. Meymandi, A.R., Rajabdoory, H. and Asoodeh, Z., 2015. The Reasons of Considering Ethics in Accounting Job.Economics,2(2), pp.136-143. Prebble, L., 2016.Enron. Bloomsbury Publishing. Shapiro, J.P. and Stefkovich, J.A., 2016.Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Stahl, G.K., Miska, C., Noval, L.J. and Patock, V.J., 2016. IN publicized THE corporate WAKE scandals, OF A MAJOR ECONOMIC CRISIS and highly calls for more responsible corporate governance and leadership continue to grow (eg Pearce Stahl, 2015; Waldman Galvin, 2008). Ethical breaches have become front-page news, such as: Enron and Arthur Andersens questionable accounting practices, misuse of company funds at Merrill Lynch and Elf in France, the collapse of Lehman Brothers, improper payments to government officials by Xerox managers in India, Nikes use of ....Readings and Cases in International Human Resource Management, p.416. Tan, P. and Yeo, G., 2013. Accounting scandals and implications for directors: Lessons from enron. InEncyclopedia of Finance(pp. 495-499). Springer US.

Essay Topics For Writing A Racism Essay

Essay Topics For Writing A Racism EssayIf you are reading this article, then chances are you are thinking about writing an essay on racism and how to write an essay on racism. The truth is that there are different essay topics that you can use to help express your thoughts on a very important issue. I will tell you what these essays are, as well as how to write one of them.First, we have an essay that is more political. This is the type of essay that is going to be used to answer questions from students who want to find out more about the subject. It is an essay that will explain what racism is and why it is such a big problem in our society. It should also explain why the concept of colors doesn't work as well as other types of discrimination, and how the concept is wrong.An essay on racism should also discuss why the concept of colors is wrong, as well as how to get people to view their fellow man as individuals, instead of just another race. It should discuss how to tell the diffe rence between a person and a race. It should also discuss why we should not automatically label someone based on their skin color.Second, we have essay topics that will help get students to look at the world a little bit differently. An essay on racism should be able to explain why some people think that certain groups of people have a harder time than others do. It should then try to explain why that is.An essay on racism should be able to explain how people who live in poverty should be able to take part in society. It should be able to explain why they have trouble paying their bills, or even get to go to school at all. It should also be able to explain why people who live in poverty find it hard to take care of their families. An essay on racism should discuss how hard it is for parents to raise a family while trying to make ends meet, or even get by.Third, there are essay topics that allow students to use a broader range of thought and words. An essay on racism can use a wide r ange of sources, including real-life stories, fictional accounts, and everything in between. Students should be able to discuss a variety of different people, and find common ground with them and their ideas.Finally, essay topics that explore the positives and negatives of certain actions. An essay on racism should be able to discuss why many people can support certain actions, but not others. It should discuss why it is so difficult to raise children in a society where people are prejudiced, and how those of us who are discriminated against are at a disadvantage.All of these essay topics are valuable for different reasons. While they are not all going to be right for every student, they are going to help create a more rounded perspective on the topic. Remember, just because you don't like an idea doesn't mean you should not write about it!